The Standard Model

Released: May 9, 2026 8:00 AM CST

Here is the twenty-eighth episode of Quantum Foam, The Standard Model. This stuff is hard to understand and is referred to as The Particle Zoo. Dr. Michio Kaku says he got his PHD for learning 1000 particles. This is because there are many virtual particles. Things have been changed in this model a lot over the years. There are 17 particles split up between 12 fermions and 5 bosons. This model describes forces and matter in terms of mathematics in order to understand what is happening with particles. It is apparent at the Large Hadron Collider that the electroweak and electrostrong forces arise out of the interactions between elementary particles. There is also The Higgs Field and The Higgs Boson. The field behaves with wave-particle duality. Mesons are unstable subatomic particles composed of 1 quark and 1 antiquark. There is the Photon, Gluon, Z Boson, W Boson, and the scaler boson The Higgs Boson. There are 6 types of quarks. They are the Up Quark, Down Quark, Charm Quark, Strange Quark, Top Quark, and Bottom Quark. Then there are 6 types of leptons. The Electron, Electron Neutrino, Muon, Muon Neutrino, Tau, and Tau Neutrino. All of this is everything? It's only on 1 page. Over the years these particles have been placed into charts to help us understand the fundamental interactions of nature. The peer review process is important when figuring out what is a correct theory. Electrons are left-handed. There is agreement between The Special Theory Of Relativity and The Standard Model of Particle Physics, but there is an incompatibility between The Standard Model and gravity in General Relativity. Space-time was presented as a fabric in Special Relativity. The Higgs Field interacts with the weak nuclear force to give particles mass. Even though empty space is empty, The Higgs Field is present and is non-zero. We are currently unsure as to whether things can be described as symmetric or asymmetric or both as far as the handedness is concerned with particles in nature. There are quark and antiquark pairs called mesons, which are unstable subatomic particles. These interact with both the strong and the weak nuclear forces and each have integer 1 spin. Baryons are made up of 3 quark combinations all with the equivalency of 1 third spin. What is the opposite of a singularity? Keep in mind that there is conservation of energy in effect. The Standard Model recognizes the 5 bosons and treats matter as composed of fundamental, indivisible particles called fermions, made from quarks and leptons. There are 12 fermions that make up the bulk of the model.

If humans do not forge forward in science, we will never explore the final frontier of outer space. The Electron Neutrino, the Muon Neutrino, and the Tau Neutrino are the ghost particles of the Electron, Muon, and Tau particles. This model can adequately describe 3 of the fundamental forces, but has trouble when attempting to describe gravity when using General Relativity. We know Relativity has been proven time and time again, so it must be a fundamental force. Fermions are matter particles like electrons. There is a such thing as conjugation parody. These are multiplicables of some particles under operations of charge conjugation. There is such a phenomena called spontaneous symmetry breaking, where the underlying physical laws of a system are symmetric, but the ground state is not. To manipulate these elementary particles, we use Fermi-Dirac Statistics for fermions and Bose-Einstein Statistics for bosons. There are elementary fermions with a half-integer spin and elementary bosons with an integer spin. The quarks all have color charge and participate in strong force interactions. There are leptons with a spin of 1 half as well as antileptons that have no color charge. There is a photon for the electromagnetic interaction. Then, the W plus Boson, W minus Boson, and Z Boson for the weak interaction. There are 8 types of gluons for the strong interaction. It is unknown whether the Graviton with a spin of 2 is a Gauge Boson or something else. The mechanism of the interaction of subatomic particles is responsible for the radioactive decay of atoms. Bosons carry 1 of 4 kinds of forces. Lambda is the electromagnetic interaction. How does an atom experience radioactive decay? There are intermediate vector mathematics that describe the bosons. They mediate the weak interaction. Gluons hold particles together and act as the exchange for the strong nuclear force for quarks. The Gauge Bosons mediate forces interacting accordingly. We need a particle physics that has noticeable correlations between General Relativity and the electroweak and electrostrong forces. There are mesons, which are quark antiquark pairs and pions or pi mesons, which are the lightest, unstable subatomic particles of the meson family. They have been seeing these particles in atom smashers since the 1960s. The different flavors of quarks can be colored red, green, blue, antired, antigreen, and antiblue. Neutrinos are found to have left-handed parody. All Neutrinos are left-handed, Antineutrinos are right-handed. The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that it is impossible for 2 electrons to occupy the same state around an atom as one another or have the same 4 quantum numbers. The Higgs Boson is the only known scalar boson. We are looking to supersede the current understanding of the fundamental particles. Photons get spit out when things happen. Different interactions emit different particles. Quantum Chromodynamics gives everything a minimum of a rest mass. These are the basic concepts describing the understanding of The Standard Model Of Particle Physics.